What cancers are associated with hypercalcemia?
Hypercalcemia has been reported in association with most cancers, but it is most common in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer, breast cancer, multiple myeloma, squamous-cell cancers of the head and neck, urothelial carcinomas, or ovarian cancers.
What causes hypercalcemia cancer?
This most common cause of hypercalcemia can stem from a small, noncancerous (benign) tumor or enlargement of one or more of the four parathyroid glands. Cancer. Lung cancer and breast cancer, as well as some blood cancers, can increase your risk of hypercalcemia.
Is PTHrP elevated in multiple myeloma?
These results suggest that PTHrP might be involved in the elevation of serum calcium levels in hypercalcemic myeloma patients. However, a few cases exhibit normocalcemia despite elevated plasma PTHrP levels or hypercalcemia without high plasma PTHrP levels.
What is hypercalcemia most often associated with?
Hypercalcemia is most commonly associated with primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy Bilezikian and Silverberg (2003), Mundy and Guise (1997), Horwitz and Stewart (2003). The principle cause for the elevation in extracellular calcium in these conditions is increased bone resorption.
What is a normal PTHrP level?
The normal range for a parathyroid hormone (PTH) blood test is 14 to 65 pg/mL.
What is a high PTHrP level?
Thus, patients with elevated PTHrP tend to have severe hypercalcemia, often greater than 12 mg/dL. Patients with PTHrP-mediated hypercalcemia also typically have suppressed PTH levels, and the patient above is no exception.
Does high calcium always mean cancer?
High blood calcium, or hypercalcemia, is almost always caused by a small benign tumor on one or more of the parathyroid glands in your neck. High blood calcium can lead to many serious health problems and should almost always be treated with an operation to remove the parathyroid tumor.
Which of the following is most often elevated in hypercalcemia associated with malignancy?
Excessive secretion of PTHrP is the most common cause of hypercalcemia of malignancy.
What are common signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia of malignancy?
What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia?
- More frequent urination and thirst.
- Fatigue, bone pain, headaches.
- Nausea, vomiting, constipation, decrease in appetite.
- Forgetfulness.
- Lethargy, depression, memory loss or irritability.
- Muscle aches, weakness, cramping and/or twitches.
What endocrine disorder can cause hypercalcemia?
Endocrine diseases that may cause hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia include hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, thyroid disorders, hyperadrenocorticism, hypoadrenocorticism, and less commonly pheochromocytoma and multiple endocrine neoplasias.
What is the significance of PTHrP in cancer?
The significance of PTHrP in cancer is not confined to malign … PTHrP was first discovered as the most common mediator of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia. Subsequently, the discovery of its ubiquitous expression in normal tissues unraveled its role as a physiological autocrine/paracrine regulator.
How is the cause of PTHrP elevation assessed?
The cause of PTHrP elevation was independently assessed by 2 investigators (P.J.D., K.G., or N.A.), and adjudicated by a third investigator (D.S.A.M.) when there was disagreement. Cases were classified as benign if there was no clearly established malignant etiology either by review of the medical record or from death certificate.
How does PTHrP induce hypercalcemia?
This result is surprising, given that PTHrP is thought to induce hypercalcemia by binding to the PTH/PTHrP 1 receptor, and levels of PTH tend to correlate with levels of serum calcium.
What is the cross-reactivity between PTH and PTHrP?
This assay was reported to exhibit <0.1% cross-reactivity with PTH and recognizes the N and C termini of intact PTHrP (1–74) and PTHrP (1–86). Subsequent to this, the methodology was changed to a 2-site immunoradiometric assay from Mitsubishi (LSI Medience Corporation) with a reference interval of <1.3 pmol/L ( 12 ).