What does the DRD2 gene do?
The dopamine receptor DRD2, functions to regulate synthesis, storage and release of dopamine (2). Mutations in the DRD2 gene can inhibit dopamine production and activity, leading to psychiatric and psychotic effects as well as an increased risk for addiction and neuropsychiatric diseases (3).
Where is the DRD2 gene?
chromosome 11q22-23
The DRD2 gene is located on chromosome 11q22-23. The DA receptor encodes by this gene plays an important role in mediating synaptic DA signaling.
What is the function of dopamine D2 receptors?
Dopamine D2-autoreceptors play a key role in regulating the activity of dopamine neurons and control the synthesis, release and uptake of dopamine. These Gi/o-coupled inhibitory receptors play a major part in shaping dopamine transmission.
What does the ANKK1 gene do?
ANKK1 belongs to RIP (Receptor-Interacting Protein) serine/threonine kinase family. These kinases are important in cell proliferation, differentiation and activate transcription factors.
What is the DRD2 A1 allele?
The A1 allele of the DRD2 gene (TaqI A polymorphisms) is associated with antisocial personality in a sample of alcohol-dependent patients. Eur Psychiatry.
What causes reward deficiency syndrome?
Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS; Blum et al., 1996) caused by a Brain Reward Cascade dysfunction is linked to polymorphisms in the Dopaminergic system that cause hypo-dopaminergic function and result in abnormal craving behavior (Zhu and Shih, 1997).
What do D1 and D2 receptors do?
Each receptor has a different function. The function of each dopamine receptor[4]: D1: memory, attention, impulse control, regulation of renal function, locomotion. D2: locomotion, attention, sleep, memory, learning.
What are D2 and D3 receptors?
D2/D3 Receptors. D2-like receptors (D2/D3) are the main targets of antipsychotics (Zhang et al., 2020). The D2 receptor is present in two isoforms D2S and D2L which differ because of a 29 AA insertion in the third intracellular loop on D2L (Zuk et al., 2020). Both receptors can inhibit intracellular cAMP via Gi.
What is Taq1A?
The Taq1A polymorphism is the most studied polymorphism in association with the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) gene. It is not clear whether it is associated with effects of antipsychotic drugs, although some reports support such a conclusion.
What does the DRD2 variant A1 cause to happen?
The carriers of the A1 allele also displayed increased depressive symptoms during alcohol withdrawal, suggesting that this DRD2 gene variant (or a functional variation in linkage disequilibrium with the allele) can be associated with the symptom phenotype in alcohol withdrawal.
How does reward deficiency syndrome affect people?
Reward deficiency syndrome manifests as a form of sensory deprivation the pleasure or reward mechanisms and can be relatively severe or mild, a consequence of an individual’s neurochemical inability to derive pleasure from ordinary, everyday activities.
What is the reward deficiency hypothesis?
Is there deficient drug-induced reward? In a second version of the reward deficiency hypothesis it is the drug-induced responses that are reduced, and the only way for an affected individual to experience a reasonable amount of pleasure is to consume a greater amount of drug in a given length of time.